To get started, click on the resource you want to cite from the Source Type column on the right (or from the drop-down menu if using a mobile device).
If you need help, click on the Citation Maker instructions, which are also found at the bottom of every template.
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Use this template to cite an entire book or part of a book or encyclopedia, such as an article, chapter, essay, play, poem, or short story. Also use it to cite gray literature such as a report, brochure, pamphlet, map, dissertation, or thesis. This applies to all formats: print, audio, online, or e-book.
(See more examples)
(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the source. This is usually an author but may be an editor or an organization.)
(If the corporate author is the same as the publisher, list the name in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)
(Only list the first author.)
(Go to the next field.)
(Always credit any editors or translators. Only credit additional contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)
(Ex: 2nd ed., Rev. ed., Expanded ed., Updated ed., King James Version, Audiobook ed., E-book ed.) (For an e-book or audiobook that also has an edition statement, include both. Ex: 3rd ed., e-book ed.)
(If you are using one volume of a multi-volume set, enter the number of that volume. Otherwise, leave this field blank.)
(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited.)
(Enter publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. If you are citing a thesis or dissertation, leave the Publisher blank.)
(Reports are the most common type of gray literature so they do not need an additional source description. For less common and non-standard sources, add an additional description to better identify the source, especially if the description is not already part of the title. Examples of possible descriptions: Brochure or Pamphlet or Map or Northwestern U., PhD dissertation or Willamette U., MA thesis.)
Was this accessed online? No Yes, in a Library Database Yes, on a Website, and the source is on the author’s or publisher’s own website Yes, on a Website, but the source is not on the author’s or publisher’s own website
(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)
(Enter the database name, such as Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Gale.)
(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format. Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 If there is no DOI, enter the source’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)
(Ex: work by William Stafford on www.williamstafford.org)
(Ex: brochure by Centers for Disease Control on www.cdc.gov)
(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format. Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 If there is no DOI, enter the source’s URL instead, but do not include the https://. If an e-book or audiobook was downloaded directly to a device, a URL is not needed.)
(Ex: work by William Stafford on www.gutenberg.org)
(Ex: brochure by Centers for Disease Control on www.medlineplus.gov)
Use this template to cite an article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper. This applies to all formats: print, audio, or online.
(If the article is only credited to a news agency, such as Associated Press or Reuters, leave Author blank.)
(Add city name for local newspapers when city is not included in title)(Ex: The Oregonian [Portland])
(Ex: national ed., sunrise ed., South Jersey ed.)
(Magazines and journals may have both a volume and issue number or just an issue number. Sometimes magazines have neither one.)
Publication Date: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Jan. 2022 or Jan. 2022 or Jan.-Feb. 2022 or winter 2022)
(If the article’s page numbers are not consecutive, only list the first page and a plus sign. Ex: 37+)
(If the article includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format. Ex: 10.1037/000092 would become https://doi.org/10.1037/000092 If there is no DOI, enter the article’s URL instead, but do not include the https://.)
(Ex: article from Journal of the American Medical Association, or JAMA, on www.jamanetwork.com)
(Ex: article in Time magazine on www.time.com)
(Ex: article in The New York Times newspaper on www.nyt.com)
(Ex: article from the journal, Animal Nutrition, on www.sciencedirect.com)
(Ex: Time magazine article posted with permission on an organization's website)
(Ex: The New York Times newspaper article posted with permission on an organization's website)
Use this template to cite website articles, blog posts, and comments on either. If you found another type of source online, use the appropriate template. For example, for a journal, magazine, or newspaper article that is in a database or on a website, use the Periodical Article template. For an e-book in a database or on a website, use the Book template. For a video clip that you watched online, use the Video Recording template, etc.
(List who is primarily responsible for creating the source. This is usually a person but may be a group or organization. If the author used a username, select Online Username/Pseudonym from the "How many?" drop-down menu.) (When citing a comment, enter the name and/or username of the person who left the comment.)
(Include both the username and author's real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])
(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. If the website title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.) If the blog title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.)
Could you determine a date that the website was created, published, or updated? Could you determine a date that the blog posting was created, published, or updated? Could you determine the date that the comment was posted? Yes No
Date: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)
(Record the timestamp, if there is one.)
Date Accessed: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Map or Clip art)
(Do not include https://.)
Use this template to cite video recordings, including films, television or streaming series and episodes, and videos on sharing sites (such as YouTube) and other websites. Also use it to cite transcripts of video recordings. For a video podcast, use the podcast option on the Audio Recording template. For lectures, speeches, TED Talks, and webinars, use the Performance or Presentation template.
Is your focus on the contribution of the director or on the film as a whole?
(Since the director is not the focus, move on to the Title field.)
(Always credit the director of a film. Credit the director here if you have not already done so in the Author field. Only credit additional contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)
(Ex: director's cut; Ex: uncut version)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the film. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Twentieth Century Fox)
Publication Date: Year: .
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Transcript)
Was this accessed online? No Yes, in a Library Database Yes, on a Website, and the source is on the author’s or publisher’s own website Yes, on a Website, but the source is not on the author’s or publisher’s own website Yes, on an App
(Ex: movie by Disney on www.disneyplus.com)
(Ex: movie by Disney on www.netflix.com)
(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.) (If the uploader is a group or goes by an online username, use the Last Name field and leave the other two fields blank. If the uploader is not known, leave this field blank.)
(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)
Could you determine a date that the video was uploaded? Yes No
Date Uploaded: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
(Ex: Netflix or Hulu)
(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)
(Ex: director’s cut; Ex: uncut version)
(Use this to identify the season or series number, when that is known and relevant. Enter the descriptor and the number. Ex: season 3)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the television or streaming series. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: CBS Television Studios or HBO)
(Enter the year that the series was released. If the series spans multiple years, separate the years with a hyphen. Ex: 2012-15 or 1998-2002 If the series is still airing, enter a space after the hyphen. Ex: 2019- )
(Ex: NBC television series on www.nbc.com)
(Ex: NBC television series on www.netflix.com)
(If the episode title is not known, leave this field blank.)
(Use this to identify the season or series and episode numbers, when those are known and relevant. Separate the descriptors with a comma. Ex: season 7, episode 12)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the television or streaming episode. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: CBS Television Studios or HBO)
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Mar. 2022 or Mar. 2022 or 2022)
(Most often, this is used to identify the disc number of a DVD set when that is known and relevant. Enter the descriptor and the number. If there are multiple descriptors, separate each with a comma.) (Ex: disc 3; Ex: set 1, disc 4)
(Ex: episode of NBC television series on www.nbc.com)
(Ex: episode of NBC television series on www.netflix.com)
(Always credit the video uploader, if known. Only credit other contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)
(Do not include https://. If you accessed the video through an app, the URL is often found after clicking on Share.)
Use this template to cite audio recordings, including songs, albums, podcasts, and radio programs. Also use it to cite lyrics, transcripts, and accompanying materials such as liner notes. For audiobooks, use the Book template. For lectures, speeches, TED Talks, and webinars, use the Performance or Presentation template.
(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the recording. This is usually a performer or composer.)
(Ex: expanded ed.; Ex: uncut version)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the recording. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube, iTunes, or Spotify. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Columbia Records or American Public Media)
(Most often, this is used to identify the disc number of a CD set when that is relevant and known. Enter the descriptor and the number. If there are multiple descriptors, separate each with a comma.)(Ex: disc 3; Ex: set 1, disc 4)
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Lyrics)
(Ex: album by Beyoncé on www.beyonce.com)
(Ex: album by Beyoncé on www.spotify.com)
(Ex: Spotify or Stitcher)
(Ex: song by Beyoncé on www.beyonce.com)
(Ex: song by Beyoncé on www.spotify.com)
(If you are citing a podcast and want to identify your source as such, enter this in the text box, including the period: podcast ed.)
(Enter the year/s that the podcast was produced. If the podcast spans multiple years, separate the years with a hyphen. Ex: 2019-21 or 1998-2002 If the podcast is still being produced, enter a space after the hyphen. Ex: 2019- )
(Ex: This American Life podcast on www.thisamericanlife.org)
(Ex: This American Life podcast on www.stitcher.com)
(Use this to identify the season and episode numbers, when those are known and relevant. Separate the descriptors with a comma. Ex: season 7, episode 12)
(Ex: This American Life podcast episode on www.thisamericanlife.org)
(Ex: This American Life podcast episode on www.stitcher.com)
Use this template to cite artwork (drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures, etc.) and artifacts or objects (arrowheads, fossils, jewelry, models, etc.) that you experienced in person or viewed in print or online.
For other visual works (charts, clip art, infographics, maps, etc.), use the appropriate template. For example, for an infographic that you viewed in a magazine, use the Periodical Article template. For a map that you viewed on a website, use the Website Article or Blog template. For a physical map or chart, use the Report, Pamphlet, or Gray Literature option on the Book template.
Does this image, artwork, or object have a title?
Yes, it has a title. No, it does not have a title.
(Provide a brief generic description of the image, artwork, or object. Capitalize the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Chair of stained oak)
Is the year of creation known? Yes, because the source provided a date. Yes, but I found the date in a different source. No, I could not determine a date.
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Marble sculpture)
Where did you see this? In Person (Ex: at a museum) In a Book In a Periodical (Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper) On a Website (Ex: an artist's or museum's website) In a Database, but the image was not part of an article or book On an App
(Enter the database name, such as ImageQuest, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Britannica.)
Institution (Museum, Archive, Building, etc.): ,
City: , (Only identify the city if it is not part of the institution’s name.)
Object Number or Code (if there is one): .
(List the person or group primarily responsible for writing the book. This is usually an author but may be an organization or editor.)
(Ex: 2nd ed., Rev. ed., Expanded ed., Updated ed., King James Version, Audiobook ed., E-book ed.) (For an e-book that also has an edition statement, include both. Ex: 3rd ed., e-book ed.)
Was this accessed online? No Yes, in a Library Database Yes, on a Website, and the book is on the author’s or publisher’s own website Yes, on a Website, but the book is not on the author’s or publisher’s own website
(If the source includes a digital object identifier, or DOI, use it and enter it in URL format. Ex: 10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 would become https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35 If there is no DOI, enter the source's URL instead, but do not include the https://.)
(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly in a book found on www.dalechihuly.com)
(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly in a book found on www.gutenberg.org)
(List the person or group primarily responsible for writing the article. This is usually an author but may be an organization.)
Is the image or artwork on the artist's or creator's own website? Yes, it is on the artist's or creator's own website. No, it is on a different person's or organization's website. It is on a blog, and not a regular website.
(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly on www.dalechihuly.com)
(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly on www.museumofglassartwork.org)
(List who is primarily responsible for writing the article or the content of the Web page. This is usually a person but may be a group or organization.)
Could you determine a date that the blog posting was posted or updated? Yes No
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex. 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)
(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. If the Website title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.)If the blog title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.)
Could you determine a date that the Website was created, published, or updated? Yes No
Only use this template to cite an interview that you conducted or experienced firsthand, including in person or by e-mail, telephone, or video chat. If you read or otherwise saw an interview, cite it using the template for the source that included the interview: Book, Periodical Article, Website Article or Blog, Video Recording, or Audio Recording.
(Only list the first person.)
with the author.
Publication Date (Date of the Interview): Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
Use this template to cite performances (concerts, dance recitals, plays, etc.) and presentations (lectures, speeches, TED Talks, webinars, etc.) that you experienced in person or watched as a recording.
Does the performance have a title?
Yes, the performance has a title. No, the performance does not have a title.
(Provide a brief generic description of the performance. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Concert; Ex: Dance recital)
(This may be a festival, event series, etc. Ex: Waterfront Blues Festival)
(Ex: Matinee performance)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the performance. Enter the publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit the publisher’s name if it is included in either title field above. Ex: Triangle Productions)
Publication Date (Date of Live Event): Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
Where did you see this? In Person In a Library Database On a Website, and the source is on the author’s or publisher’s own website On a Website, but the source is not on the author’s or publisher’s own website On an App
Venue of Live Event: ,
City: . (Only identify the city if it is not part of the venue’s name.)
(Ex: Beyoncé concert on www.beyonce.com)
(Ex: Beyoncé concert on www.codacollection.co)
Does the presentation have a title?
Yes, the presentation has a title. No, the presentation does not have a title.
(Provide a brief generic description of the presentation. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Lecture; Ex: Speech)
(This may be a lecture series, conference or convention, class or course, etc.)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the presentation. Enter the publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit the publisher’s name if it is included in either title field above. Ex: American Cancer Society; Ex: University of Oregon)
(Ex: lecture by University of Oregon professor on www.uoregon.edu)
(Ex: lecture by University of Oregon professor on www.onedayuniversity.com)
(Ex: Blackboard or Netflix)
Use this template to cite e-mails or text messages that you received or were given access to.
to the author.
Publication Date (Date of Message): Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
Use this template to cite content from social media sites and online forums such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Reddit, TikTok, Tumblr, Twitter, and so forth.
However, if a social media post directed you to another source, you may want to cite that source instead. For example, for a documentary that you found on Facebook, cite the documentary using the Video Recording template. Or, for a newspaper article that you found on Twitter, cite the article using the Periodical Article template.
(Include both the username and author’s real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])
(Enter the title, and capitalize all major words. If there is no title, enter the text exactly as it appears in the post, including capitalization and spelling. For longer posts, you may include enough of the text to be clear, and then include an ellipsis at the end to indicate that some words were omitted. An ellipsis is three periods with a space before each and a space after the last.)
(Images and videos are sometimes posted without a title or accompanying text, so you must provide a description. You may also use a description if your research focuses on the image or video instead of the title or text of the post. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Photo of spring flowers in Oregon)
Could you determine the date that the post was made? Yes No
(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the post, use the URL for the creator's account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)
(Enter the profile, page, or tab title. Capitalize the first letter of all major words. Ex: Archive)
(Describe the untitled profile, page, or tab. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. For example, since Snapchat does not name the various pages within an account, provide a title. Ex: Profile)
Could you determine the date that the profile or page was made? Yes No
(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the profile or page, use the URL for the creator’s account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)
What are you citing? Online Forum Post Comment on an Online Forum Post
(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the post, use the URL for the creator’s account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)
(Enter the original post title, not the comment, and capitalize all major words. If there is no title, enter the text of the original post exactly as it appears, including capitalization and spelling. For longer posts, you may include enough of the text to be clear, and then include an ellipsis at the end to indicate that some words were omitted. An ellipsis is three periods with a space before each and a space after the last.)
(Describe the untitled original post, not the comment. Images and videos are sometimes posted without a title or accompanying text, so you must provide a description. You may also use a description if your research focuses on the image or video instead of the title or text of the post. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Photo of spring flowers in Oregon)
Could you determine the date that the comment was posted? Yes No
Use this template to cite sources that are not already covered in MLA Citation Maker.
The MLA 9 citation guidelines are somewhat flexible. The goal is for you to think critically about each source and to apply a few rules and principles to produce a citation that is appropriate for your project. Two people could use the same source but have different citations, and both could be correct. It depends on several variables, including what aspect of the source is most relevant to the project and what format was used.
Use the most relevant fields of the basic template below to create a citation for your source. Refer to the MLA Handbook (9th ed.) and to the MLA Style Center’s "Works Cited: A Quick Guide," and "Ask the MLA" for additional guidance.
(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the source.)
(Only use this field if you need to credit contributors who are not listed in the Author field.)
(The publisher is the organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the source or making it available to the public. Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit publisher's name if it is included in the Author or Title field above.)
(Record the date as listed on your source, and include the time, if given.)
(If you enter page numbers, precede a single page number with p. and multiple with pp. If you enter a URL, do not include https://.)
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Transcript; Ex: PDF)
Is your source found within another source, such as a magazine inside of a database or a video on a streaming service? Yes No
(Typically, this will be the title of a database or website. If that is the case, only fill in these two fields: Title of Container and Location. Otherwise, fill out applicable remaining fields.)
Before you exit Citation Maker, be sure to save your work by using "Save in Word or Pages" or "Save in Google Drive."
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